Operating-System Structure, Operating-System Operations, Protection and Security, Kernel Data Structures, Computing Environments, Open-Source Operating Systems, Operating-System Services, User and Operating-System Interface, System Calls, Types of System Calls, System Programs, Operating-System Design and Implementation, Operating-System Structure, Operating-System Debugging, Operating-System Generation, System Boot.

Processes: Process Concept, Process Scheduling, Operations on Processes Inter process Communication, Examples of IPC Systems, Communication in Client - Server Systems, Threads: Overview, Multi core Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Implicit Threading, Threading Issues, CPU Scheduling: Basic Concepts, Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling Algorithms, Thread Scheduling, Multiple-Processor Scheduling, Real-Time CPU Scheduling, Operating-System Examples, Algorithm Evaluation.

System Model, Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks, Deadlock Prevention, Avoidance, Detection, Recovery.
Memory Management : Background, Swapping, Contiguous Memory Allocation, Segmentation, Paging, structure of the Page Table. Virtual Memory : Background, Demand Paging, Copy-on-Write, Page Replacement, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing, Memory-Mapped Files, Allocating Kernel Memory.

Mass-Storage Structure: Overview, Disk Structure, Disk Attachment, Disk Scheduling, Disk Management, Swap-Space Management, RAID Structure.
File -System Interface : File Concept, Access Methods, Directory and Disk Structure, File-System Mounting, File Sharing, Protection.

File-System Structure, File-System Implementation, Directory Implementation, Allocation Methods, Free-Space Management, Efficiency and Performance, Recovery, NFS.
I/O Systems : Overview, I/O Hardware, Application I/O Interface, Kernel I/O Subsystem, Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations, STREAMS.