functional units, instruction set architecture , instruction execution cycle, addressing modes, RTL, instruction formats.

signed number representation, fixed and floating-point representations, character representation, Booth's, Modified Booth's, restoring division , non-restoring division .

Memory systems hierarchy, Main memory organization, Types of Main memory - memory interleaving, Cache memories.

Input-output subsystems, I/O device Interface, I/O program-controlled transfer vs DMA transfer , interrupt driven and DMA.

Basic concepts of pipelining, throughput and speedup, pipeline hazards, Introduction to parallel processing, Concurrent access to memory, cache coherency.